Methods and apparatus to form venting channels on a panel for a decorative layer

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus to form venting channels on a panel for a decorative layer are disclosed. An example method includes contacting an outer surface of a tool to an outer resin layer of a panel. The outer surface of the tool has protrusions. The example method includes moving the outer surface of the tool on the outer resin layer of the panel in a first direction to cause the protrusions of the tool to form first venting channels on the outer resin layer of the panel and coupling a decorative layer to the outer resin layer of the panel via an adhesive layer. The first venting channels are to vent at least one of gas or vapor away from the decorative layer to deter separation of a portion of the decorative layer from the outer resin layer.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent arises from a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 15/153,324, entitled “Methods and Apparatus to Form Venting Channelson a Panel for a Decorative Layer,” which was filed on May 12, 2016.U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/153,324 is hereby incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety. Priority to U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/153,324 is hereby claimed.

This patent relates to subject matter disclosed in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/153,252 entitled “Methods and Apparatus toCouple a Decorative Layer to a Core Layer of a Panel via a BarrierLayer” (Attorney Docket No.: 15-2402-US-NP), U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/153,266 entitled “Methods and Apparatus to Couple aDecorative Layer to a Panel via a High-Bond Adhesive Layer” (AttorneyDocket No.: 15-2402-US-NP[2]), U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/153,283 entitled “Methods and Apparatus to Couple a DecorativeComposite Having a Reinforcing Layer to a Panel” (Attorney Docket No.:15-2769-US-NP), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/153,297 entitled“Methods and Apparatus to Vent Gas and Vapor from a Panel via VentingChannels for a Decorative Layer” (Attorney Docket No.: 15-2770-US-NP),U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/153,338 entitled “Methods andApparatus to Remove Gas and Vapor from a Panel for a Decorative Layer”(Attorney Docket No.: 16-0094-US-NP), all of which were filed on May 12,2016 and are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This patent relates generally to decorative layers and, moreparticularly, to methods and apparatus to form venting channels on apanel for a decorative layer.

BACKGROUND

Vehicles (e.g., aircraft, buses, trains, tractor-trailers, ships, etc.),buildings and/or other structures (e.g., billboards) include surfacesthat are visible to the public. Oftentimes, these surfaces includedecorative images for aesthetic, identification and/or advertisingpurposes. For example, some surfaces of aircraft include decorativeimages that identify an airline carrier associated with the aircraft. Insome instances, the decorative images are formed on a decorativelaminate that is coupled to the surface of the vehicle, building and/orother structure. A pocket of gas and/or vapor (e.g., water vapor) mayform between the decorative laminate and the surface, thereby causing anadjacent portion of the decorative laminate to bubble.

SUMMARY

In one example, a method includes contacting an outer surface of a toolto an outer resin layer of a panel. The outer surface of the tool hasprotrusions. The example method includes moving the outer surface of thetool on the outer resin layer of the panel in a first direction to causethe protrusions of the tool to form first venting channels on the outerresin layer of the panel and coupling a decorative layer to the outerresin layer of the panel via an adhesive layer. The first ventingchannels have a depth greater than a thickness of the adhesive layer toimpede the adhesive layer from filling the first venting channels. Thefirst venting channels are to vent at least one of gas or vapor awayfrom the decorative layer to deter the at least one of gas or vapor fromexerting a pressure on the decorative layer to deter separation of aportion of the decorative layer from the outer resin layer.

In another example, an apparatus includes a tool. The tool includes anouter surface that is to engage and move along an outer resin layer of apanel. The tool includes protrusions defined on the outer surface thatare to form one or more venting channels on the outer resin layer of thepanel as the tool moves along the outer resin layer. The ventingchannels are formed by the protrusions to vent at least one of gas orvapor away from a decorative layer that is to couple to the panel via anadhesive layer to deter the at least one of gas or vapor from exerting apressure on the decorative layer to deter separation of a portion of thedecorative layer from the outer resin layer. The protrusions have afirst depth that defines a second depth of the venting channels. Thesecond depth is greater than a thickness of the adhesive layer to impedethe adhesive layer from filling the venting channels.

In another example, an apparatus includes means for engaging an outerresin layer of a panel and means for forming venting channels in theouter resin layer. The means for forming is to form one or more ventingchannels in the outer resin layer as the means for engaging moves alongthe outer resin layer. The venting channels formed by the means forforming are to vent at least one of gas or vapor away from a decorativelayer of the panel to deter the at least one of gas or vapor fromexerting a pressure on the decorative layer to deter separation of aportion of the decorative layer from the outer resin layer. The ventingchannels have a depth greater than a thickness of the adhesive layer toimpede the adhesive layer from filling the venting channels.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts an example aircraft in accordance with the teachingsherein.

FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view of a known decorative layer and aportion of a known panel.

FIG. 2B is an exploded view of the known decorative layer and theportion of the known panel of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 3 illustrates example one or more venting channels formed on anexample outer resin layer of a panel in accordance with the teachingsdisclosed herein.

FIG. 4A is an example tool to form the venting channels of FIG. 3 inaccordance with the teachings disclosed herein.

FIG. 4B is another example tool to form the venting channels of FIG. 3in accordance with the teachings herein.

FIG. 5 illustrates other example one or more venting channels formed onthe outer resin layer of FIG. 3 in accordance with the teachingsdisclosed herein.

FIG. 6 is another example tool to form the venting channels of FIG. 5 inaccordance with the teachings disclosed herein.

FIG. 7 illustrates other example one or more venting channels formed onthe outer resin layer of FIG. 3 in accordance with the teachingsdisclosed herein.

FIG. 8 illustrates example cross-sections of the venting channels formedby the tool of FIG. 3 and/or the tool of FIG. 5.

FIG. 9 is another example tool to form one or more venting channels onthe outer resin layer of FIG. 3 in accordance with the teachingsdisclosed herein.

FIG. 10 illustrates example cross-sections of the venting channelsformed by the tool of FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart representative of an example method to form theexample venting channels of FIGS. 3, 5 and/or 7 via the example tools ofFIGS. 4, 6 and/or 9 in accordance with the teachings herein.

The figures are not to scale. Instead, to clarify multiple layers andregions, the thicknesses of the layers may be enlarged in the drawings.Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughoutthe drawing(s) and accompanying written description to refer to the sameor like parts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Surfaces in public spaces (e.g., billboards, building walls, vehiclepanels, etc.) oftentimes include decorative images for aesthetic,informational, and/or advertising purposes. For example, known aircraftand/or other vehicles (e.g., buses, trains, tractor-trailers, ships,etc.) often include decorative images on their surfaces foridentification and/or advertising purposes. In some examples, thevisible surfaces of aircraft interiors include decorative images thatidentify respective airline carriers associated with the aircraft.

Some known decorative images are formed on a decorative layer (e.g., adecorative laminate) that is coupled to a corresponding surface. Forexample, decorative layers are coupled to panels of aircraft via anadhesive layer. In some instances, a portion of the decorative layer orlaminate may separate from the surface to which it is coupled. Forexample, a pocket of gas and/or vapor (e.g., water vapor) may formbetween the decorative laminate and the surface, thereby causing anadjacent portion of the decorative laminate to bubble. Such separationbetween the decorative laminate and the surface may be undesirable foraesthetic purposes (e.g., bubbling of the decorative laminate may beaesthetically unappealing) and/or may cause the decorative laminate tobecome damaged and/or to further separate (e.g., delaminate) from thesurface over time.

In some instances, pockets of gas and/or vapor are entrapped between adecorative laminate and a surface of a panel (e.g., an interior surfacein a compartment of the aircraft such as a surface of a bin, a lining,furnishings, etc.) when the decorative laminate is initially coupled tothe surface. That is, the separation results from the decorativelaminate not being laid flush with the surface when the decorativelaminate is initially coupled to the surface.

In other instances, the pockets of gas and/or vapor that causeseparation between the decorative laminate and the surface form as aresult of the gas and/or vapor escaping from material of the panel andbecoming trapped (e.g., to form a bubble) between the decorativelaminate and the panel. When a decorative laminate is coupled to a panelof an aircraft, gas and/or vapor (e.g., water vapor) may be emitted froma core layer (e.g., a honeycomb core, a foam core, etc.) of the paneland subsequently become trapped between the decorative laminate and thesurface of the panel. For example, the gas and/or vapor may escapeand/or be emitted from the core layer of the panel when there isdifference in pressure and/or temperature between the core layer of thepanel and the environment exterior to the panel. For example, the gasand/or vapor may migrate from the core layer toward the decorativelaminate when pressure closer to the core layer is greater than pressurecloser to the decorative laminate. The gas and/or vapor becomes trappedbetween the decorative laminate as a result of the decorative laminatebeing composed of substantially impermeable and/or nonporous materialthat deters and/or impedes the gas and/or vapor of the core layer fromtraversing therethrough. The trapped gas and/or vapor creates aninternal pressure between the decorative laminate and the panel thatapplies a concentrated force to the decorative laminate and/or thesurface, thereby causing the decorative laminate to separate from thesurface of the panel (e.g., from the interior surface in the aircraftcompartment, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, the gas and/or vaporthat is trapped between the decorative laminate and the panel mayoriginate from an interaction (e.g., a chemical reaction, a physicalreaction, etc.) between components of the panel and/or the decorativelaminate such as between the core layer and a reinforcing layer of thepanel, between the reinforcing layer and an adhesive coupled to thedecorative laminate, etc.

To deter and/or impede gas and/or vapor from causing a portion of adecorative layer coupled to a panel from separating from the panel, theexample methods and apparatus disclosed herein include forming one ormore venting channels in the panel that vent gas and/or vapor (e.g.,water vapor) away from the decorative layer. For example, the ventingchannels are formed in an outer resin layer of the panel so that theventing channels are disposed between the decorative layer and a corelayer of the panel. As a result, the venting channels deter and/orimpede gas and/or vapor emitted from the core layer of the panel fromreaching the decorative layer and creating an internal pressure betweenthe decorative layer and the outer resin layer of the panel. Thus, theventing channels deter and/or impede the gas and/or vapor from exertinga pressure and/or a force on a portion of the decorative layer to deterand/or impede the decorative layer from separating from the panel (e.g.,to deter and/or impede the decorative layer from bubbling).

In the examples disclosed herein, the venting channels are formed by atool that includes an outer surface to engage and move along the outerresin layer of the panel. The outer surface of the tool definesprotrusions that are to form the venting channels on the outer resinlayer as the tool moves along the outer resin layer. The protrusionshave a first depth that defines a second depth of the venting channels.The second depth of the venting channels is greater than a thickness ofan adhesive layer that couples the decorative layer to the panel todeter and/or impede the adhesive layer from filling the venting channelsand, thus, prohibiting the venting channels from venting the gas and/orvapor away from the decorative layer. The protrusions have, for example,arcuate, circular, elliptical, and/or polygonal cross-sections that formcorresponding arcuate, circular, elliptical, and/or polygonalcross-sections of the venting channels. In some examples, a coating ofmoisture absorption material is applied to the outer resin layer of thepanel. The moisture absorption material (e.g., moisture scavengingmaterial such as silica gel) captures and/or absorbs gas and/or vaporthat is emitted from the panel to further deter and/or impede separationof the portion of the decorative layer from the outer resin layer bydeterring and/or impeding the gas and/or vapor from reaching thedecorative layer.

In some examples, the tool is a roller that rotates about a longitudinalaxis of the roller to move (e.g., roll) along the outer resin layer ofthe panel to form the venting channels on the panel. In some suchexamples, the protrusions of the roller extend radially along the outersurface of the roller about the longitudinal axis of the roller. As theroller moves along the outer resin layer of the panel in a firstdirection, the protrusions form the venting channels so that the ventingchannels extend in the first direction. In other such examples, theprotrusions extend along a length of the roller in a direction that isapproximately parallel to the longitudinal axis of the roller. As theroller moves along the outer resin layer in the first direction, thelongitudinally extending protrusions form the venting channels thatextend in a second direction approximately perpendicular to the firstdirection. The length of some example rollers having the longitudinallyextending protrusions is greater than a width of the outer resin layerof the panel to enable the roller to form one or more venting channelsthat extend the entire width of the outer resin layer.

In other examples, the tool includes a belt. The protrusions extendalong a length of the belt so that the venting channels are formed asthe belt slides along the outer resin layer of the panel. For example,the belt slides along the outer resin layer in a first direction that isapproximately parallel to the length of the belt to form one or moreventing channels that extend in the first direction.

In some examples disclosed herein, the venting channels formed by thetool may include first venting channels and second venting channels. Forexample, upon forming the first venting channels, the tool isrepositioned on and subsequently moved along the outer resin layer ofthe panel to form the second venting channels. In some examples, thesecond venting channels extend in the same direction (e.g., the firstdirection) as the first venting channels (e.g., the second ventingchannels are adjacent and approximately parallel to the first ventingchannels). In other examples, an orientation of the tool is changedrelative the outer resin layer upon forming the first venting channelsso that the second venting channels formed by the tool extend in asecond direction different than (e.g., approximately perpendicular to)the first direction.

In some examples, the tool is a handheld device that enables the ventingchannels to be formed (e.g., reformed, repaired, etc.) in a fieldenvironment. For example, in the field environment, the decorative layeris decoupled from the panel by removing the adhesive layer from theouter resin layer of the panel. The venting channels are subsequentlyformed on the outer resin layer via the handheld device, and thedecorative layer is coupled to the panel by reapplying the adhesivelayer to the outer resin layer of the panel.

As used herein, the terms “couple,” “coupled,” and “coupling” refer to adirect or indirect attachment of one object to another object (e.g., onelayer to another layer). For example, a first object is directlyattached and, thus, coupled to a second object if a surface of the firstobject contacts a surface of the second object without any other objectdisposed therebetween. A first object is indirectly attached and, thus,coupled to a second object if the first object does not directly contactthe second object but, instead, is fixed to the second object viaintermediate object(s) (e.g., layer(s)) that are positioned between thefirst and second objects.

Turning to the figures, FIG. 1 illustrates an example aircraft 100including wings 102 (e.g., a right wing and a left wing) extendinglaterally outward from a fuselage 104. Each of the wings 102 of theillustrated example supports an aircraft engine 106 via a pylon 108. Acompartment 110 (e.g., a cargo compartment, a passenger compartment, aflight deck, etc.) is disposed within the fuselage 104 of theillustrated example. The wings 102 and the fuselage 104 define an outersurface 112 of the aircraft 100.

Before discussing the example decorative layers and the example panelsdisclosed herein, a brief description of a known panel 202 and a knowndecorative layer 204 is provided in connection with FIGS. 2A and 2B.More specifically, FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view of the knowndecorative layer 204 and a portion of the known panel 202, and FIG. 2Bis an exploded view of the known decorative layer 204 and the portion ofthe known panel 202.

As illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the known panel 202 includes a corelayer 206 and a reinforcing layer 208 coupled to the core layer 206. Afirst surface 210 of the reinforcing layer 208 engages the core layer206, and an opposing second surface 212 defines a surface 214 of thepanel 202. The reinforcing layer 208 of the known panel 202 may becomposed of materials that are partially porous and/or permeable (e.g.,resin, reinforcing fiber, etc.) such that some gas and/or vapor (e.g.,water vapor) may traverse through the reinforcing layer 208. Further,while not shown in the portion of the known panel 202 illustrated inFIGS. 2A and 2B, another reinforcing layer engages another surface ofthe core layer 206 opposite the reinforcing layer 208 such that asandwich-structured composite is formed by the reinforcing layer 208,the core layer 206, and the other opposing reinforcing layer.

Further, the known decorative layer 204 includes decorative features(e.g., colors, patterns, logos, text, etc.) that are to be displayed onthe known panel 202. As illustrated in FIG. 2A, the decorative layer 204is coupled to the surface 214 of the panel 202 to enable the decorativefeatures of the decorative layer 204 to be displayed on the panel 202.For example, the decorative layer 204 is adhesively coupled to thesecond surface 212 of the reinforcing layer 208.

In some instances, gas and/or vapor (e.g., water vapor) is trappedwithin the core layer 206 of the panel 202 (e.g., trapped between thereinforcing layer 208 and the opposing reinforcing layer of asandwich-structured composite of the panel 202). When a difference inpressure and/or temperature between the core layer 206 and theenvironment exterior to the panel 202 occurs (e.g., when pressure closerto the core layer 206 is greater than pressure closer to the decorativelayer 204), the gas and/or vapor escape and/or are emitted from the corelayer 206 of the panel 202. In other instances, gas and/or vapor of thepanel 202 may originate from an interaction (e.g., a chemical reaction,a physical reaction, etc.) between material of the core layer 206 (e.g.,a honeycomb core, a foam core, resin, reinforcing fiber, etc.) and/orthe decorative layer 204 (e.g., a decorative laminate, an adhesivelayer, etc.).

Because the decorative layer 204 coupled to the panel 202 is composed ofsubstantially impermeable and/or nonporous material, the vapor and/orgas that is emitted from the core layer 206 traverses through thereinforcing layer 208 and becomes trapped between the decorative layer204 and the surface 214 of the panel 202. The trapped vapor and/or gascreate an internal pressure that applies a concentrated force to anadjacent portion of the decorative layer 204 and/or the surface 214 ofthe panel 202. For example, the applied force pushes a portion of thedecorative layer 204 away from the surface 214 of the panel 202, therebycausing the portion of the decorative layer 204 to separate from thepanel 202. In other words, vapor and/or gas of the known panel 202 mayform bubbles in the known decorative layer 204 that are aestheticallyunappealing and/or which damage the decorative layer 204.

FIG. 3 illustrates example one or more venting channels 300 formed on anouter resin layer 302 of an example panel 304 in accordance with theteachings disclosed herein. When a decorative layer 306 is coupled tothe outer resin layer 302 of the panel 304, the venting channels 300vent gas and/or vapor (e.g., water vapor) that originates from the panel304 (e.g., from a core layer 308 of the panel 304) away from thedecorative layer 306 to deter and/or impede the gas and/or vapor fromcausing a portion of the decorative layer 306 from separating from thepanel 304 (e.g., the venting channels 300 deter and/or impede thedecorative layer 306 from bubbling).

In the illustrated example, the panel 304 on which the venting channels300 are formed includes the core layer 308 and a reinforcing layer 310.The core layer 308 is composed of, for example, a honeycomb core, a foamcore and/or a combination thereof. In some such examples, the core layer308 includes a honeycomb core and foam material that fills openings ofthe honeycomb core. The material(s) of the core layer 308 arelightweight and the structure of the core layer 308 (e.g., the honeycombpattern) provides flexural strength (e.g., bending stiffness) to thepanel 304. Thus, the core layer 308 provides flexural strength to thepanel 304 without adding a significant amount of weight to the panel 304and, thus, to the structure of which the panel 304 forms a surface(e.g., the outer surface 112 of the aircraft 100 of FIG. 1 and/or asurface of a bin (e.g., a stow-bin), a lining (e.g., of a sidewall, aceiling, etc.), furnishings (e.g., a monument, a closet, a crew-rest, alavatory, etc.) located in the compartment 110 of the aircraft 100 ofFIG. 1, etc.).

The reinforcing layer 310 of the example panel 304 includes a fiberreinforcing layer that is, for example, composed of fiberglass,graphite-cloth, synthetic fiber (e.g., Aramid fiber), natural fiber,(e.g., wood, flax, cellulose, jute, hemp, straw, switch grass, kenaf,cotton, coir, bamboo, etc.), a combination thereof and/or any othermaterial that reinforces the core layer 308 (e.g., by providingcompression strength to the panel 304). Further, the reinforcing layer310 includes the outer resin layer 302 that is composed of, for example,phenolic resin. In some examples, the reinforcing layer 310 is apre-impregnated layer (i.e., prepreg) in which the fiber reinforcinglayer is pre-impregnated with resin (e.g., resin of the outer resinlayer 302). The pre-impregnated resin is pre-dried but not yet curedupon formation of the reinforcing layer 310. Further, while FIG. 3 showsa reinforcing layer (e.g., the reinforcing layer 310) coupled to oneside of the core layer 308 of the panel 304, another reinforcing layer(e.g., substantially similar or identical to the reinforcing layer 310)not shown in FIG. 3 is coupled to another surface of the core layer 308opposite the reinforcing layer 310 such that the panel 304 is asandwich-structured composite formed by the reinforcing layer 310, thecore layer 308, and the other opposing reinforcing layer.

Gas and/or vapor (e.g., water vapor) initially is trapped within thecore layer 308 of the panel 304 (e.g., between the reinforcing layer 310and the other opposing reinforcing layer of the sandwich-structuredpanel 304) and subsequently may escape and/or be emitted from the corelayer 308 when there is a difference in pressure (e.g., when pressurecloser to the core layer 308 is greater than pressure closer to thedecorative layer 306) and/or temperature between the core layer 308 andthe environment exterior to the panel 304. In other instances, gasand/or vapor may be emitted from the panel 304 as a result of curingmaterial(s) of the panel 304, characteristics of the material(s) of thepanel 304 and/or an interaction (e.g., a chemical reaction, a physicalreaction, etc.) between different materials of the panel 304. Further,the reinforcing layer 310 is permeable and/or porous. As a result, gasand/or vapor may be emitted from the core layer 308, traverse throughthe permeable material of the reinforcing layer 310, and reach thedecorative layer 306 coupled to the panel 304.

The venting channels 300 of the illustrated example are formed on theouter resin layer 302 so that the venting channels 300 are disposedbetween the core layer 308 and the decorative layer 306 coupled to thepanel 304. The venting channels 300 distribute gas and/or vapor emittedfrom the panel 304 to reduce concentrated forces that may result fromthe gas and/or vapor being trapped between the decorative layer 306 andthe reinforcing layer 310. Thus, the venting channels 300 deter and/orimpede a portion of the decorative layer 306 from separating from thepanel 304 and/or substantially reduce a distance of separation betweenthe decorative layer 306 and the panel 304. In the illustrated example,the venting channels 300 vent the gas and/or vapor that originates fromthe panel 304 away from the decorative layer 306 to further deter and/orimpede the gas and/or vapor from becoming trapped between the panel 304and the decorative layer 306 and exerting a pressure on the decorativelayer 306. Thus, by venting the gas and/or vapor away from thedecorative layer 306, the venting channels 300 of the illustratedexample deter and/or impede a portion of the decorative layer 306 fromseparating from the outer resin layer 302 of the panel 304 (e.g., theventing channels 300 deter and/or impede bubbling of the decorativelayer 306). Additionally, in the illustrated example, a coating 312 ofmoisture absorption material (e.g., moisture scavenging material such assilica gel) is applied to the outer resin layer 302 of the panel 304 tofurther deter and/or impede the gas and/or vapor from causing thedecorative layer 306 to separate from the panel 304. The moistureabsorption material of the coating 312 captures and/or absorbs gasand/or vapor that originates from the panel 304 to deter and/or impedethe gas and/or vapor from reaching the decorative layer 306 and, thus,deter and/or impede the decorative layer 306 from separating from thepanel 304.

As illustrated in FIG. 3, each of the venting channels 300 extends in adirection 314 (e.g., a first direction) and, thus, is approximatelyparallel to each of the other venting channels 300. For example, theventing channels 300 are spaced apart equidistantly by a distance 316 ofabout between 0.125 inches (3.175 millimeters) and 2 inches (50.8millimeters). In other examples, the venting channels 300 may be spacedapart non-equidistantly from each other. Further, the example ventingchannels 300 extend to outer edges 318 of the outer resin layer 302 toenable the venting channels 300 to vent the gas and/or vapor away fromthe decorative layer 306.

In the illustrated example, the decorative layer 306 is coupled to theouter resin layer 302 via an adhesive layer 320. The venting channels300 have a depth (e.g., a depth 814 of FIG. 8) that is greater than athickness of the adhesive layer 320 to deter and/or impede the adhesivelayer 320 from filling the venting channels 300 and, thus, prohibitingthe venting channels 300 from venting the gas and/or vapor away from thedecorative layer 306. Further, the depth of the venting channels 300formed on the outer resin layer 302 is small enough to deter and/orimpede the venting channels 300 from damaging the fiber reinforcinglayer of the reinforcing layer 310 and/or from being visible when thedecorative layer 306 is coupled to the panel 304. For example, the depthof the venting channels 300 is about between 0.01 inches (0.15millimeters) and 0.039 inches (1 millimeter) to deter and/or impede theadhesive layer 320 from filling the venting channels 300. Further, theventing channels 300 have a width (e.g., a width 812 of FIG. 8), forexample, of about between 0.01 inches (0.15 millimeters) and 0.039inches (1 millimeter) that enables the venting channels 300 tosufficiently vent the gas and/or vapor away from the decorative layer306.

FIG. 4A is an example tool 400 that forms the venting channels 300 onthe outer resin layer 302 in accordance with the teachings disclosedherein. As illustrated in FIG. 4A, the tool 400 includes a body 402 thatdefines an outer surface 404. In the illustrated example, the tool 400is a roller in which the body 402 is a cylinder that extends along alongitudinal axis 406.

Protrusions 408 are defined on the outer surface 404 of the tool 400. Inthe illustrated example, the protrusions 408 extend radially along theouter surface 404 about the longitudinal axis 406 of the tool 400.Because the venting channels 300 are formed by the protrusions 408 ofthe tool 400, the venting channels 300 have substantially similardimensions and/or cross-sections as the protrusions 408. For example,the protrusions 408 have a depth and/or a width of about between 0.01inches (0.15 millimeters) and 0.039 inches (1 millimeter) to form theventing channels 300 that have identical or substantially similardimensions. Additionally, the protrusions 408 are spaced apart by adistance 410 that is substantially equal to the distance 316 to enablethe tool 400 to form the venting channels 300 that are spaced apart bythe distance 316. For example, the protrusions 408 are spaced apartequidistantly by about between 0.125 inches (3.175 millimeters) and 2inches (50.8 millimeters). Further, the tool 400 is composed of amaterial having a hardness (e.g., a substantially non-malleable materialsuch as steel) that deters and/or impedes the protrusions 408 and, moregenerally, the tool 400 from deforming as the tool 400 engages the outerresin layer 302 to form the venting channels 300. For example, the tool400 may be composed of steel to form the venting channels 300 on theouter resin layer 302 that is composed of phenolic resin.

In some examples, the tool 400 and the protrusions 408 are anintegrally-formed, unitary structure. In such examples, the tool 500 andthe protrusions may be formed via additive manufacturing (e.g., 3Dprinting), forging, casting, machining and/or any other manufacturingprocess in which the tool 400 and the protrusions 408 areintegrally-formed. In other examples, the protrusions 408 are removablycoupled to the tool 400. For example, the protrusions 408 are stripsand/or disks (e.g., flywheels) that are fastenably inserted into slotsdefined along the outer surface 404 of the tool 400 to couple theprotrusions 408 to the tool 400. In such examples, the protrusions 408may be decoupled from the tool 400 (e.g., removed from the slots of theouter surface 404) to enable the protrusions 408 to be repaired and/orreplaced (e.g., replaced with protrusions having a differentcross-section than the preceding protrusions).

As illustrated in FIG. 4A, the outer surface 404 of the tool 400contacts the outer resin layer 302 to form the venting channels 300 ofthe panel 304. For example, the tool 400 moves (e.g., rolls, rotates,etc.) along the outer resin layer 302 as a force and/or pressure isapplied to the outer resin layer 302 via the tool 400 to imprint and/orotherwise form the venting channels 300 on the outer resin layer 302 ofthe panel 304. In the illustrated example, because the protrusions 408extend radially about the longitudinal axis 406 of the tool 400, thetool 400 forms the venting channels 300 to extend in the direction 314as the tool 400 rolls, rotates and/or otherwise moves in the samedirection 314.

In the above examples, the tool 400 is utilized to form the ventingchannels 300 on the panel 304 in a factory environment. For example, thetool 400 forms the venting channels 300 in a manufacturing processbefore the decorative layer 306 (FIG. 3) is coupled to the panel 304.When the tool 400 is utilized in a factory environment, the tool 400 mayhave a length of up to about 6 feet (0.305 meters), for example, to formventing channels (e.g., the venting channels 300) on a panel (e.g., thepanel 304) that has a width of up to about 5 feet (0.305 meters).

In the illustrated example, the tool 400 is a handheld device thatincludes a handle 412 at each end 414 of the tool 400. The handles 412enable the tool 400 to be used by a technician in a field environment torepair damaged venting channels. For example, if the venting channels300 become damaged, the technician may decouple the decorative layer 306from the panel 304 by removing the adhesive layer 320 from the outerresin layer 302, form and/or reform the venting channels 300 on theouter resin layer 302 via the handheld tool 400, and subsequentlyrecouple the decorative layer 306 to the panel 304 without having toreturn the structure to which the panel 304 is coupled (e.g., theaircraft 100 of FIG. 1) to the factory environment. Upon forming theventing channels 300 (e.g., first venting channels), the handheld tool400 may be repositioned on the panel 304 to form additional one or moreventing channels (e.g., second venting channels substantially similar oridentical to the venting channels 300). For example, the additionalventing channels are spaced apart from the venting channels 300 andextend in the same direction 314 so that the additional venting channelsare approximately parallel to the venting channels 300. Additionally oralternatively, the handheld tool 400 may be used to form the ventingchannels 300 in a manufacturing process before the decorative layer 306is coupled to the panel 304.

FIG. 4B is another example tool 450 that forms the venting channels 300(FIG. 3) on the outer resin layer 302 (FIG. 3) in accordance with theteachings disclosed herein. The example tool 450 of FIG. 4B is similarto the example tool 400 of FIG. 4A. Thus, because the tool 400 isdescribed in detail in connection with FIG. 4A, some characteristics(e.g., materials, dimensions, manufacturing of, etc.) of the tool 450 ofFIG. 4B are not described in further detail below.

As illustrated in FIG. 4B, the tool 450 includes a body 452 and ahook-shaped holder 454 (e.g., a J-shaped holder). In some examples, thebody 452 of the tool 450 is identical or substantially similar to thebody 402 of FIG. 4A such that the body 402 may be coupled to thehook-shaped holder 454 to form the tool of FIG. 5B. In the illustratedexample, a first end 456 of the hook-shaped holder 454 defines anergonomic handle 458 that enables a technician to hold the tool 450 toform the venting channels 300 in the outer resin layer 302. An opposingsecond end 460 of the hook-shaped holder 454 receives the body 452 ofthe tool 450. As illustrated in FIG. 4B, the tool 450 is a roller inwhich the body 452 is a cylinder. The body 452 defines an outer surface462 and extends along a longitudinal axis 464 of the second end 460 ofthe hook-shaped holder 454. In the illustrated example, the body 452 ofthe tool 450 is composed of body portions 466, 468 that are positionedside-by-side along the second end 460 of the hook-shaped holder 454 toform the cylindrically-shaped body 452. For example, each of the bodyportions 466, 468 defines an aperture that extends along thelongitudinal axis 464 and receives the second end 460 of the hook-shapedholder 454 to couple to the hook-shaped holder 454. In other examples,the body 452 is an integrally-formed, unitary structure.

As illustrated in FIG. 4B, the body portions 466 (e.g., first bodyportions) include protrusions 470 that extend radially along the outersurface 462 about the longitudinal axis 464 of the tool 450. In theillustrated example, each of the body portions 466 defines one of theprotrusions 470. In other examples, one or more of the body portions 466may include a plurality of the protrusions 470. The protrusions 470 formthe venting channels 300 on the outer resin layer 302 and, thus, theventing channels 300 have substantially similar dimensions and/orcross-sections as the protrusions 470. Further, the outer surface 462 ofeach of the body portions 468 (e.g., second body portions) aresubstantially flat without any protrusions.

In the illustrated example, the body portions 466 with the protrusions470 and the body portions 468 without the protrusions are positioned inan alternating fashion such that one of the body portions 468 ispositioned between two of the body portions 466. As a result, a width472 of the body portion 408 defines, in part, a distance between theprotrusions 470 of the tool 450. In the illustrated example, the width472 of each of the body portions 468 is substantially uniform and awidth 476 of each of the body portions 466 is substantially uniform sothat the protrusions 470 are spaced apart equidistantly by the distance474. In other examples, the width 472 of the body portion 468 and/or thewidth 476 of the body portion 466 may vary so that the protrusions arenot spaced apart equidistantly. Additionally or alternatively, more(e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.) or less (e.g., 0) of the body protrusions 468may be positioned between one or more of adjacent pairs of the bodyportions 466 to affect the distance 474 between the protrusions 470 and,thus, affect an amount of gas and/or vapor that may be vented viaventing channels formed by the protrusions 470. Further, more or less ofthe body portions 466 and/or the body portions 468 may be included toform the body 452 of the tool 450 to affect a width 478 of the body 452of the tool 450 and/or a number of the protrusions 470 included on theouter surface 462 of the body 452 of the tool 450. For example,increasing the width 478 of the body 452 increases a surface area onwhich the tool 450 forms venting channels, and increasing the number ofthe protrusions 470 increases the number of venting channels that tool450 forms.

Moreover, because the body 452 of the tool 450 is formed by a pluralityof body portions (e.g., a plurality of the body portions 466 and/or aplurality of the body portions 468) that are separable, the example tool450 enables localized repair of one or more of the body portions 466,468. For example, if the protrusion 470 of one of the body portions 466becomes damaged, that body portion 466 may be replaced and/or repairedwithout having to replace and/or repair the other body portions 466, 468of the body 452.

To form the venting channels 300 of the panel 304, the outer surface 462of the example tool 450 contacts the outer resin layer 302. For example,the tool 450 moves (e.g., rolls, rotates, etc.) along the outer resinlayer 302 as a force and/or pressure is applied to the outer resin layer302 via the tool 450 to enable the tool 450 to imprint and/or otherwiseform the venting channels 300 on the outer resin layer 302 of the panel304. In the illustrated example, the tool 450 forms the venting channels300 to extend in the direction 314 (FIG. 3) as the tool 450 rolls,rotates and/or otherwise moves in the same direction 314. The tool 450may be utilized to form the venting channels 300 on the panel 304 in afactory environment. For example, the tool 400 forms the ventingchannels 300 in a manufacturing process before the decorative layer 306(FIG. 3) is coupled to the panel 304. Additionally or alternatively, thetool 450 may be used by a technician to form and/or repair the ventingchannels 300 in a field environment. For example, if the ventingchannels 300 become damaged, the technician may decouple the decorativelayer 306 from the panel 304, form and/or reform the venting channels300 on the outer resin layer 302 via the handheld tool 450, andsubsequently recouple the decorative layer 306 to the panel 304 withouthaving to return the structure to which the panel 304 is coupled (e.g.,the aircraft 100 of FIG. 1) to the factory environment.

FIG. 5 illustrates other example one or more venting channels 500 formedon the outer resin layer 302 in accordance with the teachings disclosedherein. When the decorative layer 306 is coupled to the outer resinlayer 302 of the panel 304, the venting channels 500 vent gas and/orvapor (e.g., water vapor) that originates from the panel 304 away fromthe decorative layer 306 to deter and/or impede the gas and/or vaporfrom causing a portion of the decorative layer 306 from separating fromthe panel 304 (e.g., the venting channels 500 deter and/or impede thedecorative layer 306 from bubbling).

The panel 304 (e.g., the outer resin layer 302, the core layer 308, thereinforcing layer 310, the other reinforcing layer of thesandwich-structured composite opposite the reinforcing layer 310, thecoating 312) and the decorative layer 306 (e.g., the adhesive layer 320)of FIG. 5 are substantially similar or identical to those componentshaving the same reference numbers in FIG. 3. Further, the ventingchannels 500 of FIG. 5 are substantially similar or identical to theventing channels 300 of FIGS. 3 and 4A. Because the venting channels 300are described in detail in connection with FIG. 3, some characteristicsof the venting channels 500 of FIG. 5 are not described in furtherdetail below.

In the illustrated example, each of the one or more venting channels 500extends in a direction 502 (e.g., a second direction) and, thus, isapproximately parallel to each of the other venting channels 500.Further, the example venting channels 500 extend to outer edges 504 ofthe outer resin layer 302 to enable the venting channels 500 to vent thegas and/or vapor away from the decorative layer 306. For example, theventing channels 500 are formed on the outer resin layer 302 so that theventing channels 500 are disposed between the core layer 308 and thedecorative layer 306 coupled to the panel 304. The venting channels 500vent the gas and/or vapor that originates from the panel 304 away fromthe decorative layer 306 to deter and/or impede the gas and/or vaporfrom forming an internal pressure between the panel 304 and thedecorative layer 306, thereby deterring and/or impeding a portion of thedecorative layer 306 from separating from the panel 304 (e.g., to deterand/or impede bubbling of the decorative layer 306).

FIG. 6 illustrates another example tool 600 that forms the ventingchannels 500 on the outer resin layer 302 in accordance with theteachings disclosed herein. The example tool 600 of FIG. 6 is similar tothe example tool 400 of FIG. 4A. Thus, because the tool 400 is describedin detail in connection with FIG. 4A, some characteristics (e.g.,materials, dimensions, manufacturing of, etc.) of the tool 600 of FIG. 6are not described in further detail below.

As illustrated in FIG. 6, protrusions 602 are defined on the outersurface 404 of the tool 400. For example, the protrusions 602 extendalong a length 604 of the body 402 of the tool 600 approximatelyperpendicular to the longitudinal axis 406 of the tool 600. Because theventing channels 500 are formed by the protrusions 602 of the tool 600,the venting channels 500 have substantially similar dimensions and/orcross-sections as the protrusions 602 of the tool 600. For example, theprotrusions 602 are spaced apart along the outer surface 404 by adistance 606 that is substantially equal to a distance 608 between thecorresponding venting channels 500. Further, because the protrusions 602extend along the length 606 of the example tool 600, the tool 600 rolls,rotates and/or otherwise moves in the direction 314 along the outerresin layer 302 to form the venting channels 500 that extend in thedirection 502. Thus, the venting channels 500 extend in the direction502 that is approximately perpendicular to the direction 314 in whichthe tool 600 moves to form the venting channels 500.

The tool 600 of the illustrated example may be utilized to form theventing channels 500 on the panel 304 in a factory environment. Forexample, the tool 600 forms the venting channels 500 in a manufacturingprocess before the decorative layer 306 (FIG. 5) is coupled to the panel304. To enable the venting channels 500 formed by the tool 600 to extendalong a width 610 of the outer resin layer 302, the length 604 of thebody 402 of the tool 600 is greater than the width 610 of the outerresin layer 302. For example, each of the ends 414 of the tool 600extend beyond the corresponding outer edges 504 of the outer resin layer302 to ensure that the venting channels 500 formed by the protrusions602 of the tool 600 extend to the outer edges 504 of the outer resinlayer 302.

FIG. 7 illustrates other example one or more venting channels 702 (e.g.,first venting channels) and one or more venting channels 704 (e.g.,second venting channels) formed on the outer resin layer 302 of thepanel 304. When the decorative layer 306 is coupled to the outer resinlayer 302 of the panel 304, the venting channels 702, 704 vent gasand/or vapor (e.g., water vapor) that originates from the panel 304 awayfrom the decorative layer 306 to deter and/or impede the gas and/orvapor from causing a portion of the decorative layer 306 from separatingfrom the panel 304 (e.g., the venting channels 702, 704 deter and/orimpede the decorative layer 306 from bubbling).

The panel 304 (e.g., the outer resin layer 302, the core layer 308, thereinforcing layer 310, the other reinforcing layer of thesandwich-structured composite opposite the reinforcing layer 310, thecoating 312) and the decorative layer 306 (e.g., the adhesive layer 320)of FIG. 7 are substantially similar or identical to those componentshaving the same reference numbers in FIGS. 3 and 5. Further, the ventingchannels 702, 704 of FIG. 7 are substantially similar or identical tothe venting channels 300 of FIGS. 3 and 4 and the venting channels 500of FIGS. 5 and 6. Because the venting channels 300, 500 are described indetail in connection with FIGS. 3-6, some characteristics of the ventingchannels 702, 704 of FIG. 7 are not described in further detail below.

As illustrated in FIG. 7, the one or more venting channels 702 intersectthe one or more venting channels 704 to form a grid 706. In theillustrated example, the venting channels 702 extend in the direction314 and the venting channels 704 extend in the direction 502 such thatthe venting channels 702 are approximately perpendicular to the ventingchannels 704. In other examples, the venting channels 702, 704 aresubstantially non-perpendicular relative to each other (e.g., intersectat an angle of about 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees) and/or do notintersect. For example, the venting channels 702, 704 may intersect at asubstantially non-perpendicular angle to direct the gas and/or vaportoward and/or away from a portion of the resin layer 302. The grid 706of the intersecting venting channels 702, 704 increases an amount of gasand/or vapor that the venting channels 702, 704 are able to vent awayfrom the decorative layer 306, for example, by increasing a surface areaof the venting channels 702, 704 and/or by providing venting paths in aplurality of directions to further deter and/or impede a portion of thedecorative layer 306 from separating from the panel 304. Further, thegrid 706 increases the amount of gas and/or vapor that the ventingchannels 702, 704 are able to vent away by providing alternativeintersecting paths that enable the gas and/or vapor to traverse throughone of the venting channels 702, 704 if another of the venting channels702, 704 is partially or fully obstructed.

The venting channels 702, 704 are formed, for example, by initiallyforming the venting channels 702 or the venting channels 704 andsubsequently forming the other of the venting channels 702 or theventing channels 704. The tool 400 (FIG. 4A), the tool 450 (FIG. 4B)and/or the tool 600 (FIG. 6) may be utilized to form the ventingchannels 702, 704. In some examples, the tool 400 moves along the outerresin layer 302 in the direction 314 to form the venting channels 702.The tool 400 is then repositioned (e.g., rotated approximately 30degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees, 90 degrees) on the outer resin layer302 of the panel 304 and moved along the outer resin layer 302 in thedirection 502 to form the venting channels 704 that intersect theventing channels 702. Alternatively, the tool 600 may move along theouter resin layer 302 in the direction 314 to form the venting channels704, be repositioned (e.g., rotated approximately 30 degrees, 45degrees, 60 degrees, 90 degrees) on the outer resin layer 302 of thepanel 304, and move along the outer resin layer 302 in the direction 502to form the venting channels 702. In other examples, one of the tools400, 600 is used to form the venting channels 702 or the ventingchannels 704, and the other of the tools 400, 600 is used to form theother of the venting channels 702 or the venting channels 704. Forexample, the tool 400 may move along the outer resin layer 302 in thedirection 314 to form the venting channels 702, and the tool 600 maymove along the outer resin layer 302 in the direction 314 to form theventing channels 704.

FIG. 8 illustrates example cross-sections 802, 804, 806, 808 of the oneor more venting channels 300 (FIGS. 3 and 4A), the one or more ventingchannels 500 (FIGS. 5 and 6), the one or more venting channels 702 (FIG.7) and/or the one or more venting channels 704 (FIG. 7) formed by thetool 400 (FIG. 4A), the tool 450 (FIG. 4B) and/or the tool 600 (FIG. 6).Further, because the venting channels 300, 500, 702, 704 are formed bythe protrusions 408 (FIG. 4A) of the tool 400, the protrusions 470 (FIG.4B) of the tool 450 and/or the protrusions 602 (FIG. 6) of the tool 600,the protrusions 408, 602 have cross-sections substantially similar tothe cross-sections 802, 804, 806, 808. As illustrated in FIG. 8, thecross-section 802 is triangular, the cross-section 804 is arcuate (e.g.,semicircular), the cross-section 806 is trapezoidal, and thecross-section 808 is substantially rectangular with curved corners 810.Each of the cross-sections 802, 804, 806, 808 has a width 812 and adepth 814. Further, each of the cross-section 802, 804, 806, 808 has anopening 816 that defines the width 812 of the respective cross-section802, 804, 806, 808 and a nadir 818 that is the least wide portion of therespective cross-section 802, 804, 806, 808. For example, no portionbetween the opening 816 and the nadir 818 of each of the cross-sections802, 804, 806, 808 is wider than the respective opening 816. The gradualnarrowing from the opening 816 to the nadir 818 of the cross-sections802, 804, 806, 808 deters and/or impedes the protrusions 408, 602 of therespective tools 400, 600 from becoming enclosed in the venting channels300, 500, 702, 704 and, thus, enables the protrusions 408, 602 to formthe venting channels 300, 500, 702, 704 without damaging the opening 816as the protrusions 408, 602 rotate away from the panel 304.

FIG. 9 is another example tool 900 that forms one or more ventingchannels on the outer resin layer 302 of the panel 304 (FIG. 3) inaccordance with the teachings disclosed herein. The tool 900 includes abelt 902 and rollers 904, 906 around which the belt 902 rotates. Asillustrated in FIG. 9, an outer surface 908 of the belt 902 definesprotrusions 910 that extend longitudinally along the outer surface 908and form the venting channels on the panel 304. The belt 902 of the tool900 is composed of a substantially hard material (e.g., steel) to deterand/or impede the protrusions 910 from deforming as the tool 900 formsthe venting channels on the outer resin layer 302. The protrusions 910form the venting channels to have dimensions and/or cross-sectionssubstantially similar to and/or identical to the protrusions 910. Forexample, the protrusions 910 and, thus, the venting channels formed bythe protrusions 910 have a depth and a width of about between 0.01inches (0.15 millimeters) and 0.039 inches (1 millimeter). Further, theprotrusions 910 are spaced apart by a distance 912 to enable the tool900 to form venting channels that are spaced apart by the distance 912.For example, the protrusions 910 are spaced apart equidistantly by aboutbetween 0.125 inches (3.175 millimeters) and 2 inches (50.8 millimeters)to deter and/or impede an adhesive layer (e.g., the adhesive layer 320of FIGS. 3, 5 and/or 7) from filling the venting channels and/or todeter and/or impede mark-offs from being produced by the ventingchannels.

In the illustrated example, a portion 914 of the outer surface 908 ofthe belt 902 contacts and/or engages the outer resin layer 302 to formthe venting channels. The belt 902 rotates about the rollers 904, 906 ina rotational direction 916 to cause the portion 914 of the belt 902 toslide along the outer resin layer 302 in a direction 918 as a forceand/or pressure is applied to the outer resin layer 302 via the tool900. The protrusions 910 of the tool 900 imprint and/or otherwise formthe venting channels on the outer resin layer 302 as the portion 914 ofthe belt 902 slides along the outer resin layer 302 of the panel 304.The protrusions 910 extend longitudinally along the belt 902 in the samedirection 918 as the belt 902 slides and, thus, form venting channelsthat extend in the direction 918.

The tool 900 of the illustrated example may be utilized to form ventingchannels on the panel 304 in a factory environment. For example, thetool 900 forms the venting channels in a manufacturing process beforethe decorative layer 306 (FIG. 3) is coupled to the panel 304. To enablethe venting channels 500 formed by the tool 600 to extend along a lengthof the outer resin layer 302 of the panel 304, the tool 900 has a length920 that is greater than a length of the outer resin layer 302 on whichthe venting channels are to be formed.

FIG. 10 illustrates the example cross-sections 802, 804, 806, 808 andexample cross-sections 1002, 1004, 1006, 1008 of one or more ventingchannels formed by the tool 900 (FIG. 9). Because the venting channelsare formed by the protrusions 910 (FIG. 9) of the tool 900, theprotrusions 910 have cross-sections substantially similar to thecross-sections 802, 804, 806, 808, 1002, 1004, 1006, 1008.

The example cross-sections 802, 804, 806, 808 of FIG. 10 aresubstantially similar or identical to those cross-sections having thesame reference numbers in FIG. 8. As illustrated in FIG. 10, thecross-section 1002 is trapezoidal (e.g., four-sided trapezoidal), thecross-section 1004 is arcuate, and the cross-section 1006, 1008 aretrapezoidal (e.g., six-sided trapezoidal). Each of the cross-sections1002, 1004, 1006, 1008 has a width 1010 (e.g., a first width) and adepth 1012. The depth 1012 is greater than a thickness of the adhesivelayer 320 (FIGS. 3, 5, and 7) to deter and/or impede the adhesive layer320 from filling the venting channels formed by the protrusions and,thus, prohibiting the venting channels from venting the gas and/or vaporaway from the decorative layer 306 (FIGS. 3, 5, and 7). Further, thedepth 1012 is small enough to deter and/or impede the venting channelsfrom damaging the fiber reinforcing layer of the reinforcing layer 310(FIGS. 3, 5, and 7) and/or from being visible when the decorative layer306 is coupled to the panel 304 (FIGS. 3, 5, and 7). For example, thedepth 1012 is about between 0.01 inches (0.15 millimeters) and 0.039inches (1 millimeter) to deter and/or impede the adhesive layer 320 fromfilling the venting channels. Further, the width 1010 is, for example,about between 0.01 inches (0.15 millimeters) and 0.039 inches (1millimeter) to enables the venting channels to sufficiently vent the gasand/or vapor away from the decorative layer 306.

Further, each of the cross-sections 1002, 1004, 1006, 1008 has anopening 1014 that defines a width 1016 (e.g., a second width). Asillustrated in FIG. 10, the width 1010 of each of the cross-sections1002, 1004, 1006, 1008 as a whole is greater than the width 1016 of theopening 1014 of the respective cross-sections 1002, 1004, 1006, 1008.For example, the width 1010 of the venting channels increases an amountof gas and/or vapor that the venting channels are able to vent, and thewidth 1016 of the openings 1014 of the venting channels reduces aneffect on an aesthetic characteristic of the decorative layer (e.g., thedecorative layer 306 of FIGS. 3, 5 and/or 7) caused by the ventingchannels (e.g., the width 1016 of the openings 1014 reduces mark-offproduced by the venting channels). The protrusions 906 of the tool 900are able to form the venting channels to have such cross-sections (e.g.,cross-sections in which the opening 1014 is not the widest portion ofthe venting channel) without damaging the corresponding openings 1014,because the protrusions 906 of the tool 900 separate from the ventingchannels by sliding off an edge of the outer resin layer 302 (e.g., theprotrusions 906 do not separate from the venting channels by moving awayfrom the outer resin layer 302 in a transverse direction).

FIG. 11 is a flowchart representative of an example method 1100 to formone or more venting channels on a panel in accordance with the teachingsherein. Although the example method 1100 is described with reference tothe flowchart illustrated in FIG. 11, many other methods for forming theventing channels on the panel may alternatively be used. For example,the order of execution of the blocks may be changed, and/or some of theblocks described changed, eliminated, and/or combined.

The method 1100 for forming one or more venting channels on a panel isdiscussed in connection with the panel 304 of FIGS. 3-7, the tool 400 ofFIG. 4A, the tool 450 of FIG. 4B, the tool 600 of FIG. 6 and/or the tool900 of FIG. 9. Further, because the method 1100 may refer to the panel304 of FIGS. 3-7, the tool 400 of FIG. 4A, the tool 450 of FIG. 4B, thetool 600 of FIG. 6 and/or the tool 900 of FIG. 9, components identifiedin FIGS. 3-7 and 9 having functions substantially similar or identicalto the functions of components described below will not be described indetail again. Instead, the same reference numbers will be used for likestructures.

The example method 1100 disclosed herein starts at block 1102 bydetermining whether a decorative layer (e.g., the decorative layer 306of FIGS. 3, 5, and 7) is coupled to a panel (e.g., the panel 304 ofFIGS. 3-7). If the decorative layer is coupled to the panel, thedecorative layer is decoupled from the panel by removing an adhesivelayer (e.g., the adhesive layer 320 of FIGS. 3, 5, and 7) from the panel(block 1104).

Upon decoupling the adhesive layer from the panel or upon determiningthat the adhesive layer is not coupled to the panel, a coating (e.g.,the coating 312 of FIGS. 3, 5, and 7) of moisture absorption material isapplied to an outer resin layer (e.g., the outer resin layer 302 ofFIGS. 3-7) of the panel (block 1106). At block 1108, a tool (e.g., thetool 400 of FIG. 4A, the tool 450 of FIG. 4B, the tool 600 of FIG. 6,the tool 900 of FIG. 9) is positioned adjacent the outer resin layer ofthe panel. Further, at block 1110, an outer surface (e.g., the outersurface 404 of FIGS. 4 and 6, the outer surface 908 of FIG. 9) of thetool contacts the outer resin layer (block 1108).

At block 1112, the example method 1100 includes moving the tool alongthe outer resin layer of the panel to form one or more venting channels(e.g., first venting channels, the venting channels 300 of FIGS. 3 and4, the venting channels 500 of FIGS. 5 and 6, the venting channels 702,704 of FIG. 7) on the outer resin layer. For example, a pressure isapplied to the outer resin layer of the panel via the tool (e.g., by atechnician) as the tool is moved along the outer resin layer to form theventing channels. In some examples, the tool 400 rotates and/or rolls ina first direction (e.g., the first direction 314 of FIGS. 3 and 7) toform one or more venting channels (e.g., the venting channels 300 ofFIGS. 3 and 4, the venting channels 702 of FIG. 7) to extend in thefirst direction. Alternatively, the tool 600 may rotate and/or roll inthe first direction to form one or more venting channels (e.g., theventing channels 500 of FIGS. 5 and 6, the venting channels 704 of FIG.7) that extend in a second direction (e.g., the direction 502 of FIGS.5-7) is approximately perpendicular to the first direction. In otherexamples, the tool 900 slides along the outer resin layer in the firstdirection to form one or more venting channels that extend in the firstdirection.

At block 1114, the example method 1112 includes determining whether toform additional venting channels on the outer resin layer. Blocks 1108,1110, 1112, 1114 are repeated until no other venting channels are to beformed. For example, second venting channels are formed by repeatingblocks 1108, 1110, 1112, 1114. In some examples, the tool isrepositioned at block 1108 so that the second venting channels formed atblock 1112 are spaced apart from and extend in the same direction as thefirst venting channels. In other examples, the tool is repositioned atblock 1108 by rotating the tool (e.g., approximately 90 degrees) tochange an orientation of the tool relative to the outer resin layer sothat the second venting channels formed at block 1112 extend in thesecond direction and intersect (e.g., are approximately perpendicularto) the first venting channels.

Upon determining that no other venting channels are to be formed on theouter resin layer at block 1114, the example method includes couplingthe decorative layer to the outer resin layer of the panel via theadhesive layer (block 1116). For example, if the decorative layer wasdecoupled from the outer resin layer at block 1104, the decorative layeris recoupled to the outer resin layer at block 1116.

Although certain example methods and apparatus have been describedherein, the scope of coverage of this patent is not limited thereto. Onthe contrary, this patent covers all methods, apparatus and articles ofmanufacture fairly falling within the scope of the amended claims eitherliterally or under doctrine of equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A tool for preventing separation of a decorativelayer from a panel, the tool comprising: a body having an outer surface,the outer surface to engage an outer resin layer of the panel; a firstprotrusion defined on the outer surface of the body; and a secondprotrusion defined on the outer surface of the body, each of the firstprotrusion and the second protrusion extending uninterrupted along theouter surface of the body, the first protrusion to imprint a firstventing channel in the outer resin layer extending across the outerresin layer from a first edge of the outer resin layer to a second edgeof the outer resin layer as the body moves along the outer resin layer,the second protrusion to imprint a second venting channel in the outerresin layer extending across the outer resin layer from the first edgeof the outer resin layer to the second edge of the outer resin layer asthe tool moves along the outer resin layer, the first venting channeland the second venting channel extending in parallel to one anotheracross the outer resin layer from the first edge to the second edge, thefirst and second venting channels to be disposed between the panel andthe decorative layer when the decorative layer is coupled to the panel.2. The tool of claim 1, wherein the first protrusion and the secondprotrusion extend along the outer surface parallel to a longitudinalaxis of the body.
 3. The tool of claim 1, wherein the first protrusionand the second protrusion extend perpendicular to a longitudinal axis ofthe body.
 4. The tool of claim 1, wherein the first protrusion has oneof a triangular cross-sectional profile or a semicircularcross-sectional profile.
 5. The tool of claim 1, wherein a first end ofthe first protrusion has a first width and a second end of the firstprotrusion has a second width, the first width greater than the secondwidth, the second end of the first protrusion distal to the outersurface of the body.
 6. The tool of claim 1, wherein the body isconfigured to rotate relative to the outer resin layer during movementof the tool.
 7. The tool of claim 1, further including a handle coupledto the body, at least a portion of the handle disposed perpendicular toa longitudinal axis of the body.
 8. An apparatus for forming ventingchannels in a panel to deter separation between a decorative layercoupled to the panel and the panel, the apparatus comprising: a bodyhaving an outer surface, the outer surface to engage an outer resinlayer of the panel; a first protrusion having a first portion coupled tothe outer surface and a second portion extending away from the outersurface, the first protrusion to imprint a first venting channel in theouter resin layer as the body moves along the outer resin layer, thefirst protrusion to define a cross-sectional profile of the firstventing channel, the first venting channel having a width correspondingto a width of the second portion of the first protrusion and a depthcorresponding to a depth of the second portion of the first protrusion;and a second protrusion having a third portion coupled to the outersurface and a fourth portion extending away from the outer surface, thesecond protrusion to imprint a second venting channel in the outer resinlayer as the body moves along the outer resin layer, the secondprotrusion to define a cross-sectional profile of the second ventingchannel, the second venting channel having a width corresponding to awidth of the fourth portion of the second protrusion and a depthcorresponding to a depth of the fourth portion of the second protrusion,the first venting channel and the second venting channel extending inparallel to one another across the outer resin layer from a first edgeof the outer resin layer to a second edge of the outer resin layer, thefirst venting channel and the second venting channel to deter at leastone of gas or vapor from exerting a pressure on the decorative layer. 9.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the first protrusion has an arcuate orpolygonal cross-sectional profile and the first venting channel has anarcuate or polygonal cross-sectional profile.
 10. The apparatus of claim8, wherein the first protrusion and the second protrusion extendradially along the outer surface of the body about a longitudinal axisof the body.
 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the first protrusionis spaced apart from the second protrusion by a portion of the body, awidth of the portion of the body to define a width between the firstventing channel and the second venting channel in the outer resin layer.12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the first protrusion and thesecond protrusion extend along a length of the outer surface of thebody.
 13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the body is composed of amaterial including steel.
 14. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein thewidth of the second portion of the first protrusion is tapered distal tothe outer surface of the body.
 15. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein thefirst protrusion is removably couplable to the body and the secondprotrusion is removably couplable to the body.
 16. An apparatus forpreventing separation of a decorative layer from a panel, the apparatuscomprising a body to contact a surface of the panel; and a plurality ofprotrusions extending from the body, respective ones of the protrusionsextending along a surface of the body in parallel to one another alongone of a length or a diameter of the body, a first one of the pluralityof protrusions spaced apart from a second one of the plurality ofprotrusions by corresponding portions of the body, each of the pluralityof protrusions to form a venting channel in the surface of the panel asthe body moves along the surface of the panel, the venting channelsextending in parallel relative to one another across a length of thesurface, the venting channels to be disposed between the panel and thedecorative layer when the decorative layer is coupled to the panel. 17.The apparatus of claim 16, wherein respective ones of the plurality ofprotrusions are to define corresponding cross-sectional profiles of theventing channels.
 18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the protrusionshave an arcuate or polygonal shape.
 19. The apparatus of claim 16,wherein a first one of the plurality of protrusions is disposed at afirst position on the body and a second one of the plurality ofprotrusions is disposed at a second position on the body, the first oneof the plurality of protrusions to engage the panel when the body is ina first position relative to the panel and the second one of theplurality of protrusions to engage the panel when the body is in asecond position relative to the panel.
 20. The apparatus of claim 16,wherein a first one of the protrusions is disposed at a first positionon the body and a second one of the protrusions is disposed at a secondposition on the body, each of the first one of the plurality ofprotrusions and the second one of the plurality of protrusions to engagethe panel when the body is in a first position relative to the panel andwhen the body is in a second position relative to the panel.